Who really counts in Iran's National Food Assistance Program? Lessons from multi-stakeholder processes in the wicked policy area of food security.

Multi-stakeholder processes - as a necessary part in the development of public policies - can provide diverse perspectives to inform and to improve food security policy-making. Iran's National Food Assistance Program (NFAP) is one of the major welfare programs in Iran that reduces food insecutiry to low-income households. This study aimed to identify and to categorize actual and potential stakeholders in NFAP using the stakeholder salience model. According to Mitchell's theory, stakeholders' attributes (power, legitimacy, and urgency) were assessed based on the nature of their interactions, roles, and level of engagement. Results revealed a number of significant but marginalized stakeholders, including Iranian Ministry of Health (office of community nutrition improvement), academia, center for food and nutrition research, target group, charities, and international organizations, who have not received any targeted organizational attention and priority to their claims. The unbalanced attention provided to some stakeholder groups characterized as "definitive" and "dominant" and ignoring some important ones will jeopardize long-term viability and undermine support for the program with inevitable declines in legitimacy. Understanding the change in the stakeholders' characteristics is the main variable to determine the allocation of organizational resources in response to different and rising stakeholders' demands and possibly the projects outcomes. This will facilitate and enhance the possibility of knowledge exchange and learning, and greater trust among stakeholders during the food and nutrition policy-making process.

Who really counts in Iran's National Food Assistance Program? Lessons from multi-stakeholder processes in the wicked policy area of food security / Quem importa realmente no Programa Nacional de Assistência Alimentar do Irã? Lições dos processos com múltiplos atores na área política complexa de segurança alimentar / ¿A quién se tiene en cuenta realmente en el Programa Nacional de Asistencia Alimentaria en Irán? Lecciones sobre procesos con participación múltiple en la complicada área de política de seguridad alimentaria

Abstract: Multi-stakeholder processes - as a necessary part in the development of public policies - can provide diverse perspectives to inform and to improve food security policy-making. Iran's National Food Assistance Program (NFAP) is one of the major welfare programs in Iran that reduces food insecutiry to low-income households. This study aimed to identify and to categorize actual and potential stakeholders in NFAP using the stakeholder salience model. According to Mitchell's theory, stakeholders' attributes (power, legitimacy, and urgency) were assessed based on the nature of their interactions, roles, and level of engagement. Results revealed a number of significant but marginalized stakeholders, including Iranian Ministry of Health (office of community nutrition improvement), academia, center for food and nutrition research, target group, charities, and international organizations, who have not received any targeted organizational attention and priority to their claims. The unbalanced attention provided to some stakeholder groups characterized as "definitive" and "dominant" and ignoring some important ones will jeopardize long-term viability and undermine support for the program with inevitable declines in legitimacy. Understanding the change in the stakeholders' characteristics is the main variable to determine the allocation of organizational resources in response to different and rising stakeholders' demands and possibly the projects outcomes. This will facilitate and enhance the possibility of knowledge exchange and learning, and greater trust among stakeholders during the food and nutrition policy-making process.

Resumo: Os processos com múltiplos atores (multi-stakeholder), como parte necessária do desenvolvimento de políticas públicas, podem ajudar a reunir perspectivas diversas para informar e melhorar as políticas de segurança alimentar. O Programa Nacional de Assistência Alimentar do Irã (NFAP) é um dos maiores programas de bem-estar social no Irã, e que fornece apoio a famílias de baixa renda para reduzir a insegurança alimentar. O estudo teve como objetivo identificar e categorizar os atores atuais e potenciais envolvidos no NFAP, usando o modelo de stakeholder salience). De acordo com a teoria de Mitchell, os atributos (poder, legitimidade e urgência) foram avaliados com base na natureza de suas interações, papeis e níveis de engajamento. Os resultados revelaram uma série de atores importantes, porém marginalizados, incluindo o Ministério da Saúde do Irã (Divisão de Melhoria Nutricional Comunitária), academia, centros de pesquisas em alimentação e nutrição, grupo-alvo, filantropias e organizações internacionais, que não receberam nenhuma atenção institucional dirigida ou prioritária quanto às suas demandas. O desequilíbrio da atenção prestada a alguns dos grupos interessados, caracterizados como "definitivos" e "dominantes", ignorando outros atores importantes, irá prejudicar a viabilidade no longo prazo e reduzir o apoio para o programa, com um declínio inevitável na legitimidade. A compreensão da mudança nas características dos atores é a principal variável na determinação da alocação dos recursos institucionais na resposta às diversas e crescentes demandas dos atores, e possivelmente dos resultados dos projetos. Tal compreensão facilitará e fortalecerá a troca de conhecimentos e lições, além de maior confiança mútua entre os atores durante o processo de políticas de alimentação e nutrição.

Resumen: Los procesos de participación múltiple, constituyen una parte necesaria en el desarrollo de políticas públicas, puesto que pueden ayudar a presentar diversas perspectivas, así como informar y mejorar la creación de políticas públicas en seguridad alimentaria. El Programa Nacional de Asistencia Alimentaria de Irán (NFAP) es uno de los principales programas de bienestar social en Irán, que proporciona ayuda a los hogares con bajos ingresos, a fin de reducir la inseguridad alimentaria. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar y categorizar a los actuales y potenciales participantes múltiples en el NFAP, utilizando un modelo de copartícipes relevantes. Los atributos de las partes interesadas (poder, legitimidad y urgencia), según la teoría de Mitchell, fueron evaluados basados en la naturaleza de sus interacciones, roles, y nivel de implicación. Los resultados revelaron un número de copartícipes importantes, pero marginalizados, incluyendo el Ministerio de Salud de Irán (Departamento de Mejora de la Nutrición en la Población), instituciones académicas, centros de investigación de alimentación y nutrición, así como grupos objetivo, organizaciones de beneficencia, y organizaciones internacionales, que no habían recibido ninguna atención específica institucional, ni ninguna prioridad en sus reclamaciones. La atención desequilibrada, otorgada a alguno de los grupos partícipes, caracterizada como "definitiva" y "dominante", e ignorando algunas otras importantes, pondrá en peligro a largo plazo la viabilidad y socavará el apoyo para el programa con su inevitable declive en términos de legitimidad. Entender el cambio en las características de los participantes es la variable principal para determinar la asignación de los recursos organizativos, en respuesta a las diferentes y crecientes demandas de los participantes, así como posiblemente a los resultados de los proyectos. Esto facilitará y acrecentará la posibilidad de intercambio de conocimiento y aprendizaje, así como una mayor confianza entre los partícipes durante los procesos de políticas alimentarias y nutricionales.

Power structure among the actors of financial support to the poor to access health services: Social network analysis approach.

The extent of universal health coverage in terms of financial protection is worrisome in Iran. There are challenges in health policies to guarantee financial accessibility to health services, especially for poor people. Various institutions offer support to ensure that the poor have financial access to health services. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship network among the institutions active in this field. This study is a policy document analysis. It evaluates the country's legal documents in the field of financial support to the poor for healthcare after the Islamic Revolution in Iran. The researchers looked for the documents on the related websites and referred to the related organizations. The social network analysis approach was chosen for the analysis of the documents. Block-modelling and multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) was used to determine the network structures. The UCINET software was employed to analyse the data. Most the main actors of this network are chosen from the government budget. There is no legal communication and cooperation among some of the actors because of their improper position in the network. Seven blocks have been clustered by CONCOR in terms of the actor's degree of similarity. The social distance among the actors of the seven blocks is very short. Power distribution in the field of financial support to the poor has a fragmented structure; however, it is mainly run by a dominant block consisting of The Supreme Council of Welfare and Social Security, Health Insurance Organization, and the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The financial support for the poor network involves multiple actors. This variety has created a series of confusions in terms of the type, level, and scope of responsibilities among the actors. The weak presence legislative and regulatory institutions and also non-governmental institutions are the main weak points of this network.